On the figure, the stretching is highly exaggerated. Strain gauge seminar report, ppt, pdf for mechanical. It is a common misconception that the change in resistance of a strain gauge is based solely. Changes in strain are calculated by subtracting the initial reading from the current reading and multiplying by a gauge factor, which is supplied with the sister bar. Can it be extrapolated like parallelseries resistors. Strain gauges are used to determine or verify component or structure stresses, or by manufacturers of load cells, pressure and torque transducers, etc.
Foil strain gauges when attached to a specimen, produce very small changes in resistance typically. Strain gages strain gauge installation how to position strain gauges to monitor bending, axial, shear, and torsional loads strain is defined as the ratio of the change in length to the initial unstressed reference length. Laboratory 3 strain gage sensors national instruments. Fatigue life of strain gauges just in case you can not read this. From the beginning of straingage measurement technology, the in. Nevertheless, the gauge factor depends on the stiffness of the calibration material and ideally the calibration should be done on a. Strain gauge, device for measuring the changes in distances between points in solid bodies that occur when the body is deformed. Strain gage thermal output and gage factor variation with. The formula for the resistance of strain gauge metal is.
Karl hoffmann an introduction to stress analysis and transducer design using strain gauges. Rr e the change in resistance of the strain gauge can therefore be utilised to measure strain accurately when connected to an appropriate measuring and indicating circuit e. This equation computes the gauge factor, the ratio of change in electrical resistance to the strain on a conductive element. Introduction to strain gauges and their usage strain gauge applications strain gauges are used to determine or verify component or structure stresses, or by manufacturers of load cells, pressure and torque transducers, etc. Correction of gauge factor for strain gauges used in. Ruge in 1938, the most common type of strain gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern. The working principle of strain gauge is based on piezoresistive effect. Oct 24, 2016 every strain gage, by design, has a sensitivity factor called the gage factor which correlates strain and resistance as follows.
It is a resistive elastic unit whose change in resistance is a function of applied strain. However, strain gauge material, as well as the specimen material to which the gauge is applied, will also respond to changes in temperature. Most strain gauges are smaller than a postage stamp, and they look something like this. The value will be printed on each pack of precision strain gauges. It follows that, if the resistive strain can be measured, and with the gauge factor known, the mechanical strain can be calculated and the stress subsequently deduced. R 1 and r 2 compose one voltage divider circuit, and r 4 and r 3 compose the second voltage divider circuit. A strain gauge with a gauge factor gf 2 will exhibit a change in electrical resistance of only 2500. The exact value is specified on each strain gage package. The strain is the ratio of the change in length to the nominal length, l 0 l 0. Several types of strain gages depend for their operation on the proportional variance of electrical resistance to strain.
For different gauge factors the scale and offset facility is used. The sensitivity factors of common strain gage materials are listed in the following table. Oct 18, 2019 this equation computes the gauge factor, the ratio of change in electrical resistance to the strain on a conductive element. Ideally, we would like the resistance of the strain gauge to change only in response to applied strain. Still symbols normal stress shear stress strain normal micro strain x 10 6 shear strain e modulus of elasticity or youngs modulus poisson ratio gf gage factor rg gage. Types of strain gages how to select strain gages strain, stress, and poissons ratio principle of strain gages principle of strain measurement straingage wiring systems selftemperaturecompensation gages strain gage model name coding system major properties of kyowa strain gages strain gages with preattached lead cables how to select strain. Strain gauges are used together with the corresponding gauge factor to relate the relative electrical resistance change of the strain gauge with the strain of the underlying material. Strain gage calibration factors for constant room temperature conditions or equivalently, measurement of the room temperature. A strain gauge also spelled strain gage is a device used to measure strain on an object. The strain gauge utilizes this principle and detects a strain by changes in resistance.
Strain gages are used to measure linear strains that occur at surface points of an object when it responds to some actuating load, as shown in figure 1. Gauge factor of strain gauges in a wheatstone bridge ni. Below, the wheatstone bridge circuit will only be considered with respect to its application in. I am currently investigating the loadcarrying mechanism of a driven pile hollow bar and trying to install strain gauge on the pile for measurement of stress distribution. Ris the resistance change due to strain,r is the initial resistance. The definition of the gauge factor does not rely on temperature, however the gauge factor only relates resistance to strain if there are no temperature effects. This type of strain gauge allows the measurement of axial load on bolt elements. As shown in the figure, a strain gage consists of a long, thin electrical wire which is looped back and forth and securely attached to a piece of material, called the substrate. Strain gage calibration factors for constant room temperature conditions or equivalently, measurement of the room temperature gage resistance, gage factor and transverse. Fl 102 determining the gauge factor of strain gauges. This is much simpler than the calculation for a printed wire gauge and gives almost the same answer. Gauge factor gf or strain factor of a strain gauge is the ratio of relative change in electrical resistance r, to the mechanical strain the gauge factor is defined as.
Strain gauge sensors or piezoresistive sensors piezoresistive means pressuresensitive resistance, or a resistance that changes value with applied pressure. A summary of numerous straingage load calibrations on. To efficiently detect the strain, strain gauges are bonded to the position on the spring material where the strain will be the largest. Among them, a universal strain gage has a structure such that a gridshaped sensing element of thin metallic resistive foil 3 to 6m thick is put on a base of thin plastic film 15 to 16 m thick and is laminated with a thin film. This is much simpler than the calculation for a printed. Electrical resistance strain gages are sensors made of thin foil or wiretype conductors that respond to variations in length with variations in electrical resistance. All the theories related t o design a strain gauge has. To convert the change in resistance to strain, the sensitivity factor s of the strain gage material must first be determined. You will then observe the voltage output from your deflection sensor circuit using an oscilloscope. Pdf determination of measurement uncertainty of strain. Strain gauges are used either to obtain information from which stresses internal forces in bodies can be calculated or to act as indicating elements on devices for. If you have strain gauges with a gauge factor of 2. Gage resistance typical data sheet provided with strain gages gage factor, sg.
Strain gauge working principle instrumentation tools. Also explore the seminar topics paper on strain gauge with abstract or synopsis, documentation on advantages and disadvantages, base paper presentation slides for ieee final year mechanical engineering me or production automobile students for the year 2019 2020. Readings are obtained with a vibrating wire readout or data logger. It consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern. The strain gage, which includes two wire leads, has already been attached glued. Typical resistive materials are constantan k2 or platinum tungsten 92pt, 8w with k 4. Among strain gages, an electric resistance wire strain gage has the advantages of lower cost and being an established product. This is why it is also often called pizoresistive gauge. Jan 17, 2018 strain gauge is basically a sensor used for the measurement of various physical parameters like stress, strain etc. However, strain gauge material, as well as the specimen material to which the gauge. The strain gauge amplifier is a purpose designed hybrid, low noise, low drift, linear dc amplifier in a 24 pin dil package, specifically configured for resistive bridge measurement and in particular the strain gauges detailed earlier in this data sheet. This article provides an instruction on how to install and use the 1lb1120zw strain gauge from hbm. Strain gages structure of strain gages there are many types of strain gages.
Still symbols normal stress shear stress strain normal microstrain x 10 6 shear strain e modulus of elasticity or youngs modulus poisson ratio gf gage factor rg gage. Methodology for estimating strain gauge measurement biases and uncertainties on isotropic materials article pdf available in the journal of strain analysis for engineering design 501. This ratio is known as the gauge factor and is approximately equal to 20 for foil and wire strain gauges. The strain gauge is a classic example of a piezoresistive element, a typical strain gauge element shown here on the tip of my finger. Strain gage technical data strain gage measurement the most universal measuring device for the electrical measurement of mechanical quantities is the strain gage. When a metal conductor is stretched or compressed, the dimension of conductor changes. When a force f is applied to the substrate, the substrate and the attached wire are stretched. It is difficult to bond a strain gauge to a bolt while measuring the tightening stress. Measuring strain with strain gages national instruments. The relationship between resistance change and strain in the foil or wire used in straingage construction can be expressed as or k 17. Consider that the resistance wire is under tensile stress and it is deformed by i as shown in the fig. Development of a numerical method to estimate strain gauge biases and uncertainties allows the crossvalidation of the fe model with strain gauge measurements experimental validation of the method application on a francis turbine permits the optimisation of the measurement parameters type of gauge, locationvalidation. The factor k, also known as the gage factor, is a characteristic of the strain gage and has been checked experimentally 2. The gauge factor is found from a calibration on a stiff material steel.
Strain gauge project introduction the strain gauge was implemented by edward e. Electrical strain gauges are based on the principle of changing the electrical resistance due to the change in the length of the metal used in the strain gauge. Measurements using a strain gage in this experiment, you will build an analog circuit for using a 350. Pdf strain gauges are used to measure the strain of a material.
Types of strain gages include foil strain gage, wire strain gage. Pdf methodology for estimating strain gauge measurement. Rr, where r is the nominal resistance at nominal length. Criteria, procedures, ecommendations strain gages and instruments. Platinum and nickel which are not used in the pure form are listed for comparison purposes only. Criteria, procedures, recommendations for technical questions, contact document number. In general, the gage factor for metal strain gages is about 2.
The wheatstone bridge is the electrical equivalent of two parallel voltage divider circuits. The scaling value entered should be the reciprocal of the actual gauge factor multiplied by the number of. Strain gage calibration factors for constant room temperature. In the case of semiconductor strain gauges a silicon structure is glued to a carrier material. Chapter 9 bridges, strain gages and some variable impedance transducers many transducers translate a change in the quantity you wish to measure into a change in impedance, i. R change in strain gauge resistance due axial strain and lateral strain. We are getting low readings from our scxi1520pci6221, such as 33% low, and i was wondering if its due to having 2.
The gauge factor is defined as the unit change in resistance per unit change in length. Gauge factor the sensitivity of a strain gauge is characterized by its gauge factor typical gauge factors. The german standard requires a constant amplitude, negative and positive microstrains important thing is the zero point of the gauges in quarter bridge connection we can provide our customers with the number of cycles the gages can stand without a zero point. Nov 22, 2017 strain gauge sensors or piezoresistive sensors piezoresistive means pressuresensitive resistance, or a resistance that changes value with applied pressure. A strain gauge is a sensor used to measure the strain of an object. To simplify the calculations, i show how to calculate gauge factor for a liquid metal strain gauge. R change in resistance of strain gage due to strain e strain as specified by the manufacturer of strain indicator, we set the initial.
In practice, where changes in temperature or temperature gradients exist, the equation to derive resistance will have a temperature term. The gauge factor for metallic strain gauges is typically around 2. Types of strain gages how to select strain gages strain, stress, and poissons ratio principle of strain gages principle of strain measurement strain gage wiring systems selftemperaturecompensation gages strain gage model name coding system major properties of kyowa strain gages strain gages with preattached lead cables how to select strain. Strain gages are configured in wheatstone bridge circuits to detect small changes in resistance. Jan 24, 2011 to simplify the calculations, i show how to calculate gauge factor for a liquid metal strain gauge. The gauge is attached to the object by a suitable adhesive. May 05, 2015 as shown in the figure, a strain gage consists of a long, thin electrical wire which is looped back and forth and securely attached to a piece of material, called the substrate. Explore strain gauge with free download of seminar report and ppt in pdf and doc format.
1552 1316 1081 1097 1183 1225 850 484 588 522 1037 1114 240 712 1440 558 345 586 945 205 1569 996 203 986 1308 1311 1354 1453 391 159 1294 992 825 1268 1204 89 747 245 98 327 1177 288